Christianity’s roots run deep in Gaza. While Jesus was born in the West Bank, it was in Gaza where, according to the Acts of the Apostles, in the first century AD, Philip the Evangelist instructed and baptized an official of the Ethiopian court, marking a critical moment in the spread of the faith. And it is in Gaza that some of the oldest Christian communities in the world have celebrated Christmas for more than a thousand years—Catholics on December 25 and Greek Orthodox believers during a liturgical period that begins on December 25 and extends through January 6.

This Christmas season, however, is not a time of celebration. Amid the Israeli military assault on Gaza that followed the horrific October 7 Hamas attack, the Christian communities of Gaza have suffered terrible losses. In circumstances that British parliamentarian Layla Moran, who has family sheltering in a church in Gaza, described as “beyond desperate,” the Christians of Gaza are more vulnerable than at any time in modern history.

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That vulnerability, of course, must be understood as part of a broader crisis that has seen roughly 20,000 Gazans killed since Israel began its bombing. The vast majority of the dead have been Muslims, who make up 99 percent of Gaza’s population. Most of the images of the death, injury, dislocation, and sheer horror in Gaza are those of Muslim men, women, and children. Yet, while they are rarely if ever mentioned by American political leaders such as House Speaker Mike Johnson, an evangelical Christian who has been ardent supporter of Israel’s assault, Christians are woven into the fabric of Gaza. For now.

Traditional Christmas festivities have been canceled in Bethlehem and other cities on the West Bank, where most Palestinian Christians reside and where churches have chosen to forgo public celebrations in solidarity with Gaza’s Palestinians. Horror over the death toll in Gaza is deeply felt in the Palestinian enclaves of the West Bank and Jerusalem as well as in Palestinian expatriate communities globally, including those of the United States. Former US representative Justice Amash, who as a Palestinian American Republican was elected to the US Congress in 2010 and served until 2021, lost several of his relatives when Israel struck a Greek Orthodox religious compound in Gaza in November. As Christmas approached, Amash reflected that

Christmas is supposed to be a time of joy and celebration. But for Christians in Gaza—whose family members have been killed or maimed, whose homes and churches have been destroyed or badly damaged, and who suffer through sleepless nights of bombings—this Christmas will be one of great sadness and mourning. Please pray for peace and reprieve from the IDF siege that is devastating this ancient community.

Even before Israel Defense Forces targeted Gaza this fall, the Christian community was in decline. While Muslims and Christians have a long history of cohabitation in the region, the period after Hamas-aligned fundamentalists won the 2006 election in Gaza proved to be a difficult time for an already small Christian community. And the indefinite Israeli blockade of Gaza over the ensuing years was devastating for people of both faiths. Since October, however, the devastation has intensified, exponentially.

In November, Mitri Raheb, the Evangelical Lutheran pastor who founded Dar al-Kalima University in Bethlehem, told Al Jazeera, “This community is under threat of extinction. I’m not sure if they will survive the Israeli bombing, and even if they survive, I think many of them will want to emigrate.”

There is a very real prospect, Raheb said, that within a generation, “Christianity will cease to exist in Gaza.”

Of the more than 3,000 Christians who were counted in Gaza in 2007, members of the community suggest that fewer than 1,000 remain.

Over the past two months, they have suffered catastrophic losses. On October 19, an Israeli air strike hit the Greek Orthodox Church of Saint Porphyrius complex in the Zaytun Quarter of the Old City of Gaza, causing the collapse of a building, leaving at least 18 dead and damaging the exterior of the ancient sanctuary. The air strike was condemned by the general secretary of the World Council of Churches, the Rev. Jerry Pillay, as an “unconscionable attack on a sacred compound.” Pillay called upon the world community to “enforce protections in Gaza for sanctuaries of refuge, including hospitals, schools, and houses of worship.” The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate employed sterner language, explaining that “targeting churches and affiliated institutions, in addition to the shelters they provide to protect innocent citizens, especially children and women who lost their homes as a result of the Israeli bombing of residential areas during the past 13 days, constitutes a war crime that cannot be ignored.”

Then, on December 16, the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem announced that a sniper of the IDF murdered two Christian women inside the Holy Family Parish in Gaza, where the majority of Christian families has taken refuge since the start of the war. Nahida and her daughter Samar were shot and killed as they walked to the Sister’s Convent. One was killed as she tried to carry the other to safety. Seven more people were shot and wounded as they tried to protect others inside the church compound. No warning was given, no notification was provided. They were shot in cold blood inside the premises of the parish, where there are no belligerents. Israeli spokespeople denied culpability for the deaths of the two Palestinian Christian women. But Cardinal Vincent Gerald Nichols, the archbishop of Westminster and president of the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of England and Wales, said the denial was “hard to believe frankly,” arguing that “the people in Gaza and the Archbishop Cardinal of Jerusalem are not given to tell lies.” He described the shootings as “a cold-blooded killing” and said “the killing of evidently vulnerable and innocent people seems to me to set back what Israel says it’s trying to achieve.” Several days later, Politico reported that the church had been “flagged to Israeli authorities for protection” as part of an October effort by Catholic Relief Services “to get a commitment from Israel to avoid targeting a number of buildings (including a convent) where its staff and civilians were sheltering.”

Pope Francis devoted a portion of his Sunday blessing on December 18 to a reflection on the incident, saying, “Unarmed civilians are the objects of bombings and shootings. And this happened even inside the Holy Family parish complex, where there are no terrorists, but families, children, people who are sick and have disabilities, sisters [nuns].” The pope continued with the observation,

Some are saying, “This is terrorism and war.” Yes, it is war, it is terrorism. That is why Scripture says that “God puts an end to war…the bow he breaks and the spear he snaps.”

The pope has been an outspoken advocate for a cease-fire, and during the Advent season leading up to Christmas, he made appeals for an end to the violence in Gaza central to his messages to the faithful. So, too, have many Protestant religious groups in the United States, which have worked with Muslim organizations and groups such as Jewish Voice for Peace to seek a cessation of hostilities, release of hostages and prisoners, and negotiations to achieve justice for Palestinians. During the week before Christmas, supporters of the group Mennonite Action showed up at the offices of members of Congress who are among America’s most prominent Christians to pray and sing and plead for peace in Gaza. The “Day of Mennonite Action for a Ceasefire” was organized by a members of small denomination with roots in the Radical Reformation of the 16th century. The Mennonite Church USA counts 62,000 members in roughly 530 congregations—yet, according to Mennonite Action, the December 19 mobilization represented “the largest coordinated Christian day of action for ceasefire since October 7.”

That statement ought to inspire deeper reflection for members of larger religious denominations that preach gospels of love and reconciliation and that speak of a duty to witness for peace.

American Muslims and Jews have taken the lead in protesting against death and destruction in Gaza—heroically speaking out, marching, facing arrest, and suffering political consequences for their passionate response to atrocities in a region. The horrors of war damage people of all faiths. Jews have died. Muslims have died. Christians have died. It follows that Jews, Muslims, and Christians should be able to find common ground in calling, loudly and unapologetically, for an end to the death, the destruction, and the lie that suggests peace cannot be achieved.

This is a season to recognize the wisdom of Pope Francis’s observations that “war is a defeat from which only weapon manufacturers profit,” and that, yes, “Peace is possible.”