Mir Sultan dreamed of studying in the United States. As a student in India, he was ecstatic when he had the chance to attend the University of Richmond in Virginia. But five years later, the dream came to an abrupt end when he was forced to leave the country. “After my visa expired, I didn’t get the opportunity to stay in the States,” said Sultan. “I ended up having to go back to India.”

International students in the US have few opportunities to remain in the country after graduation. Most are allowed one year to work in their field—STEM majors are allowed three—then, it becomes increasingly difficult to stay.

Work visas are incredibly difficult to come by, and many have to apply for the H1B lottery, with only an 18 percent chance of being selected. The lottery happens once a year, and all noncitizens interested in working in the United States enter. International students are not offered any other pathway to a visa; they must enter the lottery competing with every person attempting to get a work visa in the US.

So when Sultan started considering graduate schools, he decided to study in Canada. “I could have gotten accepted to grad school in the United States, but because of that experience I had navigating the immigration process for international students in the US, it kind of left a sour taste in my mouth,” said Sultan. “I realized if I ended up going to grad school in Canada, there’s a much easier pathway to immigration.”

More students from around the world have opted against studying in the United States, according to Cecilia Esterline, an immigration research analyst at the Niskanen Center. The popularity of the US among international students has been steadily declining since 2018, and the number of international students today remains well below pre-pandemic levels.

“For us to prepare the workforce for the needs of our innovation and interests of the future, the United States needs to continue to recruit international students,” said Esterline.

In the United Kingdom, once a student’s graduate visa has expired, they can apply for a skilled worker visa, allowing them to remain in the country. “There are lots of other countries that are creating competitive programs and are interested in attracting this same kind of talent that would usually be coming to our universities,” said Esterline. “As other countries continue to offer more attractive programs, we’re going to continue to be at risk of losing these international students because we don’t have an immigration system that is set up to retain them afterwards.”

Along with the lack of opportunities for international students to remain in the US following graduation, the cost of US schools and the lack of an inclusive environment are also cited as factors in the decline. According to data from the National Center for Education Statistics, tuition for college in the US increased 69 percent between 2000 and 2021.

“America’s colleges and universities have the highest tuition in the world,” said Arturo Castellanos Canales, policy and advocacy manager at the National Immigration Forum. “Many American students work while in their college to pay for their tuition. However, international students are only eligible for on-campus employment for 20 hours per week, which severely limits their ability to cover the cost of their studies.”

The National Immigration Forum has advocated increasing the number of international students allowed to stay in the country after graduating. “The scarcity of immigration options and the complicated bureaucracy required for international students to stay in the U.S., have pushed some future CEOs, inventors, and researchers to study in countries with more welcoming migration laws, such as the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia,” wrote Canales for a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on “Strengthening our Workforce and Economy through Higher Education and Immigration” in June 2022.

“Congress should enact immigration reforms to expand the legal avenues for international students to come and stay in the United States and for Dreamers to have permanent status in the United States,” Canales continued. “These reforms can help solidify the U.S.’s status as the world’s leading recipient of international students while also addressing persisting labor shortages, filling job openings in key sectors dependent on immigrant labor, and strengthening the U.S. economy.” Canales also suggests expanding the employment and residency alternatives for international students after graduation, expanding the extracurricular employment alternatives for international students during their studies, eliminating the interpretation of immigrant intent when considering student visa applications, maintaining inclusive and welcoming policies for Chinese students, and learning good practices from other countries to make the United States a more attractive destination for international students.

In 2022, international students contributed almost $37 billion to the economy, according to Canales. “It is an economic imperative to reform the American immigration system to attract and retain international students.”