Over this past week, Hawai’i has suffered some of the worst flooding the state has seen in the past 20 years, after a massive Kona Low storm—Hawaii’s version of a cyclone—pelted the islands with rain and high winds. State officials, including Governor Josh Green and Honolulu Mayor Rick Blangiardi, have sought federal assistance to coordinate an emergency response to the overwhelming rainfall, which has displaced thousands while rendering many roads impassable. As of March 20, the state had estimated that the storms would cost Hawaiians more than a billion dollars in property damage. Many homes on Maui, Molokai, and the north shore of Oahu remain submerged in brown floodwaters with floors caked in mud. Over the weekend, some 130,000 people lost power.

The destruction of the storm was also accompanied by the hot air of mainstream weather-and-disaster coverage. Press reports in the mainland US dwelled on the extreme, record-breaking volume of the storm without paying attention to the most salient forces that shape the human fallout from putatively natural disasters: socioeconomic inequality and the fraying infrastructure of emergency relief. In Hawaii, which suffers chronic bouts of extreme weather thanks to its geography, the human force-multiplier for storms like this latest one is easy to identify: plantation capitalism. Across the islands, hundreds of the plantation-era waterworks are falling into disrepair, posing a grave danger to human life and worsening climate disasters in the state.

One key pressure point in this past week’s storm was the Wahiawā Dam and reservoir on the North Shore of Oahu, the largest such facility in the state. On Friday at 5:35 am, Honolulu officials sounded the alarm that the 120-year-old earthen dam in Central Oahu was at “risk of imminent failure,” prompting the evacuation of 5,500 people. Residents of the neighboring town of Hale’iwa only reported hearing the warning sirens around 8:40 am. By 9 am, the water was surging through the 80-foot spillway—the release valve for excess water—as it neared the crest of the dam. During the heaviest flooding, the spillway was releasing some 1,500 gallons per second. Unlike a concrete dam earthen dams like Wahiawa are likely to give way when water reaches their crests—a height of 84 to 90 feet in this case. The high-water mark in the Friday floods came dangerously close to this threshold, with storm surges topping 85 feet. If the dam had burst, it would have released almost 3 million gallons of water per second and endangered the lives of at least 2,500 people.

The Wahiawā Dam is owned by Dole Food Corporation, one of the state’s oldest companies, steeped in the region’s seigneurial legacy of plantation capitalism. At one point, Dole owned the entire island of Lanai and controlled almost all of the world’s pineapple production. Located 17 miles northwest of Honolulu, the Wahiawā Dam was constructed in 1905–06 by the Waialua Sugar Company, which became a subsidiary of the Dole empire in the early 1990s. When Waialua officially ceased operations in 1996, it transferred full ownership of the dam to Dole.

Sugar cane, another of the island’s main agricultural exports, is an infamously thirsty crop; one pound of refined sugar takes 4,000 pounds of water, which is equivalent to 500 gallons. It takes roughly 4,000 tons of water, or a million gallons, to irrigate 100 acres of cane. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the plantations built hundreds of ditches, dams, dikes, tunnels, and other irrigation devices to exploit the island’s resources, fundamentally altering its sensitive ecology. The Wahiawa–Lake Wilson system was once considered a crown jewel of plantation-era waterworks, supporting irrigation for the upper fields in North and Central Oahu, delivering 10–12 billion gallons of water a year.

For decades now, Dole has consistently overlooked mounting alarms over the dam’s structural integrity. Dole Food Corporation has known about serious structural issues with the dam since at least 1978, when the US Army Corps of Engineers issued a report warning of the dam’s ongoing disintegration. The report also cautioned that the spillway wasn’t large enough to lower water levels in the event of “probably maximum precipitation.” Going back to 2009, Dole has been cited four times for failing to address deficiencies in the dam, and paid a $20,000 fine to Hawaii’s land department for (among other things) inadequate spillway capacity, failure to address the embankment’s stability, delayed necessary construction, and refusal to remove excess vegetation.

In recent years, Dole has invested in some repairs and upgrades to the dam—$3 million of an estimated $15 million repairs needed according to the Engineering Division of the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR). Yet, in line with its history as a prime beneficiary of government handouts on the islands, the corporation expects taxpayers to foot the bill, even as Dole Food’s parent company, the Dublin-based Dole PLC, postedrecord profits in 2023 with a net income of $155 million. The standard Dole strategy is to poor-mouth its own economic performance: Dan Nellis, a general manager with the company, complained that such upgrades would be too expensive because Hawaii-based operations were allegedly barely profitable. “We’re growing pineapples,” he explained to the state in a 2021. “We’re not growing money out here,” .

In 2021, the Engineering Division of the DLNR officially classified the Wahiawā Dam as a structure with “high hazard potential”—the highest risk category for aging waterworks. The department’s report warned that the dam’s failure would result in “probable loss of human life.” In the last week, state officials told Blaze Lovell and Thomas Heaton of Civil Beat that Dole hasn’t made any improvements on the dam since 2023. The state has been trying to purchase the dam since the 1990s. In 2023, the state legislature passed a bill alloting $23 million to DLNR to acquire the dam. Ironically enough, the state land board was scheduled to vote on the acquisition this week. Should the acquisition go through, the state would have to pay more than $20 million in repairs. Unfortunately, Wahiawā isn’t exceptional in this regard; as of 2021, a stunning 120 of Hawaii’s 131 state-regulated dams—most of which are privately owned—shared the label of “high hazard potential.”

Negligence in the maintenance of plantation-era waterworks has already claimed hundreds of lives. In March 2006, Oahu’s neighboring island of Kaua’i suffered a massive dam failure. Following four weeks of intense rainfall, the century-old Ka Loko Dam on the northeast side of the island suddenly burst, releasing an estimated 325,000,000 gallons of water down the Wailapoa Stream. Built in for water storage for cane irrigation by the Kilauea Sugar Plantation in the late 1800s, ownership of the dam transferred a handful of times, first in 1971 after Kilauea’s operations ceased, until it was transferred to a private individual owner. At the time, Ka Loko was considered a low hazard dam. The ensuing flood killed seven people, including a pregnant woman, and destroyed several structures. The Ka Loko Dam failure led the state to tighten regulations on dam safety, and the dam’s owner, a retired auto dealership owner, was charged with reckless endangerment in the first degree in 2014.

Plantation-era waterworks also contributed to Hawaii’s deadliest natural disaster: the 2023 Maui Fires. Once the capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom, the town of Lahaina was the epicenter of the fires. Together with the region of Maui Komohana (West Maui), Lahaina was known for its abundant streams, ponds, and rivers. Travelers gave Lahaina the nickname “Venice of the Pacific.” However, by the mid-19th century, sugar plantations across Maui started siphoning up to 1,200 million gallons of water daily for their crops, artificially worsening drought conditions and significantly changing the town’s ecology.