No musical life has been told more often than Wagner's. Biographies have wafted incense around him, or been incensed by him. Their authors have seen him as lofty philosopher or opportunist, as seer or dungheap of prejudices, as wide-eyed revolutionary or dark patron of fascism--as, in any event, a colossus in the world, a figure of immense power and authority, for good or ill. Standing on so high a column of books, he almost has to be viewed as a monument, whether to be revered or decried.

The subtitle of Joachim Köhler's Wagner biography, The Last of the Titans, suggests nothing less. The reference is to the title of the composer's early opera Rienzi, the Last of the Tribunes, about the rise and fall of a political leader in fourteenth-century Rome, and also to a comment made by Marie von Wittgenstein, who knew Wagner through her stepfather Franz Liszt: "He cursed humanity for refusing to see that he was a Titan and that Titans should not be measured by ordinary standards."

Titans who have to protest their Titanship, however, are Titans of a poor sort. And though Köhler sees his subject as "one of those people who do not adapt to reality but force reality to adapt to them," the image he evokes is that of a man who spent his life trying again and again to restage his early childhood. While holding a clear view of the composer's importance, and of the manifoldness of that importance, Köhler pursues his thorough research with a fresh outlook and gives us a new Wagner: little Richard.

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